Polyurethane elastomers wani muhimmin aji ne na kayan aikin polymer mai girma. Tare da kaddarorinsu na zahiri da sinadarai na musamman da ingantaccen aiki mai mahimmanci, sun mamaye matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin masana'antar zamani. Ana amfani da waɗannan kayan a ko'ina a cikin manyan masana'antun masana'antu, irin su sararin samaniya, manyan motoci masu tsayi, injuna daidaitattun kayan aiki, kayan lantarki da na'urorin likitanci, saboda haɓakar su mai kyau, juriya na lalacewa, juriya na lalata da sassaucin aiki. Tare da ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha da kuma ci gaba da inganta abubuwan da ake buƙata na kayan aiki a cikin masana'antun masana'antu, ƙirar ƙira na elastomer na polyurethane ya zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci wajen haɓaka ƙimar aikace-aikacen su. A cikin manyan masana'antun masana'antu, abubuwan da ake buƙata don kayan aiki suna karuwa sosai. A matsayin kayan aiki mai mahimmanci, ƙira da aikace-aikacen elastomer na polyurethane dole ne su hadu da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin fasaha. Aikace-aikacen elastomers na polyurethane a cikin manyan masana'antu kuma yana fuskantar kalubale da yawa, gami da sarrafa farashi, aiwatar da fasaha da karɓar kasuwa. Duk da haka, tare da fa'idodin aikin sa, polyurethane elastomers sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka aiki da gasa na samfuran masana'antu. Ta hanyar bincike mai zurfi akan waɗannan filayen aikace-aikacen, zai iya ba da goyon baya mai ƙarfi don ƙara haɓaka ƙirar kayan aiki da faɗaɗa aikace-aikace.

 

Babban aikin ƙira na polyurethane elastomers

 

Abubuwan abun ciki da buƙatun aiki

Polyurethane elastomers wani nau'i ne na kayan polymer tare da kyakkyawan aiki. Sun ƙunshi abubuwa guda biyu na asali: polyether da isocyanate. Zaɓin da adadin waɗannan abubuwan haɗin gwiwa suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan aikin kayan aiki na ƙarshe. Polyether yawanci shine babban sashi mai laushi na polyurethane elastomers. Tsarin kwayoyin halittarsa ​​ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin polyol, wanda zai iya samar da kyakkyawan elasticity da sassauci. Isocyanate, a matsayin babban ɓangaren ɓangaren mai wuya, yana da alhakin amsawa tare da polyether don samar da sarƙoƙi na polyurethane, haɓaka ƙarfi da juriya na kayan. Daban-daban na polyethers da isocyanates suna da kaddarorin sinadarai daban-daban da kaddarorin jiki. Sabili da haka, a cikin ƙirar elastomer na polyurethane, ya zama dole don zaɓi da dacewa da dacewa da waɗannan abubuwan bisa ga buƙatun aikace-aikacen don cimma alamun aikin da ake buƙata. Dangane da abubuwan da ake buƙata na aiki, elastomers na polyurethane suna buƙatar samun halaye masu mahimmanci da yawa: juriya juriya, elasticity, anti-tsufa, da dai sauransu. Juriya juriya tana nufin aikin dindindin na kayan a ƙarƙashin juzu'i da yanayin lalacewa. Musamman lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin manyan wuraren sawa, kamar tsarin dakatar da motoci da kayan aikin masana'antu, juriya mai kyau na iya tsawaita rayuwar samfurin sosai. Elasticity yana daya daga cikin mahimman kaddarorin polyurethane elastomers. Yana ƙayyade ko kayan zai iya dawowa da sauri zuwa siffarsa a lokacin lalacewa da farfadowa. Ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin hatimi da masu ɗaukar girgiza. Anti-tsufa yana nufin iyawar kayan don kula da aikinta bayan amfani da dogon lokaci ko fallasa zuwa wurare masu zafi (kamar haskoki na ultraviolet, danshi, canjin zafin jiki, da dai sauransu), tabbatar da cewa kayan yana kiyaye ingantaccen aiki a aikace-aikace masu amfani.

 

Dabarun Inganta Zane

Ƙirar ƙira mai girma na polyurethane elastomers wani tsari ne mai rikitarwa kuma mai laushi wanda ke buƙatar cikakken la'akari da dabarun inganta ƙira da yawa. Inganta tsarin kwayoyin halitta shine babban mataki na inganta aikin kayan aiki. Ta hanyar daidaita tsarin sarkar kwayoyin halitta na polyurethane, irin su haɓaka matakin crosslinking, ƙarfin injiniya da juriya na kayan za a iya ingantawa sosai. Haɓakawa a matakin haɗin kai yana ba da damar samar da ingantaccen tsarin cibiyar sadarwa tsakanin sassan kwayoyin halitta na kayan, ta haka yana haɓaka ƙarfinsa gabaɗaya da dorewa. Misali, ta hanyar amfani da masu amsawa na polyisocyanate ko gabatar da ma'aikatan haɗin gwiwa, ana iya haɓaka matakin haɗin gwiwa yadda ya kamata kuma ana iya inganta aikin kayan. Hakanan inganta yanayin rabon bangaren yana da mahimmanci. Matsakaicin polyether da isocyanate kai tsaye yana rinjayar elasticity, taurin da juriya na kayan. Gabaɗaya, haɓaka rabon isocyanate na iya ƙara tauri da juriya na kayan, amma yana iya rage ƙarfin sa. Sabili da haka, ya zama dole don daidaita daidaitattun rabon biyu bisa ga ainihin buƙatun aikace-aikacen don cimma ma'aunin aiki mafi kyau. Bugu da ƙari ga inganta tsarin kwayoyin halitta da rabon kayan aiki, amfani da ƙari da ƙarfafawa kuma yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan aikin kayan aiki. Nanomaterials, irin su nano-silicon da nano-carbon, na iya inganta ingantaccen aikin elastomer na polyurethane. Nanomaterials suna haɓaka kaddarorin inji da juriyar muhalli na kayan ta hanyar haɓaka ƙarfin su, juriya da juriya na tsufa.

 

 

Inganta tsarin shiri

Inganta tsarin shirye-shiryen yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman hanyoyin da za a inganta aikin elastomer na polyurethane. Ci gaba a cikin fasahar hada-hadar polymer ya yi tasiri sosai a kan shirye-shiryen elastomer na polyurethane. Hanyoyin hada-hadar polymer na zamani, irin su gyare-gyaren allurar amsawa (RIM) da fasahar polymerization mai ƙarfi, na iya samun ƙarin madaidaicin iko yayin tsarin haɗin gwiwar, ta haka inganta tsarin kwayoyin halitta da aikin kayan. Reaction allura gyare-gyare fasahar iya muhimmanci inganta samar yadda ya dace da kuma cimma mafi alhẽri kayan uniformity da daidaito a lokacin gyare-gyaren tsari da sauri hadawa polyether da isocyanate karkashin babban matsa lamba da allura su a cikin mold. Fasahar fasahar polymerization mai ƙarfi na iya inganta haɓaka da ƙarfin abu da haɓaka juriya da juriya da tsufa ta hanyar aiwatar da halayen polymerization a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba. Ingantattun gyare-gyare da fasaha na sarrafawa kuma shine mabuɗin mahimmanci don haɓaka aikin elastomers na polyurethane. Na gargajiya zafi gyare-gyaren latsa gyare-gyare da sannu a hankali an maye gurbinsu da ƙarin ci-gaba allura gyare-gyaren da extrusion gyare-gyaren fasahar. Waɗannan sabbin hanyoyin ba za su iya haɓaka haɓakar samarwa kawai ba, har ma suna samun ƙarin madaidaicin iko yayin aiwatar da gyare-gyare don tabbatar da inganci da aikin kayan aiki. Fasahar gyare-gyaren allura na iya cimma daidaitaccen gyare-gyaren sifofi masu rikitarwa da rage sharar kayan abu ta dumama albarkatun polyurethane zuwa wani narkakkarwar yanayi da allura su cikin gyatsa. Extrusion gyare-gyaren fasaha zafi da kuma tilasta da polyurethane abu daga extruder, forming ci gaba da abu tube ko tubes ta hanyar sanyaya da solidification. Ya dace da samar da manyan-sikelin da sarrafawa na musamman.

 

Aikace-aikacen elastomers na polyurethane a cikin masana'anta na ƙarshe

 

Jirgin sama

A cikin filin sararin samaniya, ana amfani da elastomer na polyurethane a cikin maɓalli masu mahimmanci, irin su hatimi da masu shayarwa, saboda kyakkyawan aikin su. Aerospace masana'antu yana da musamman m bukatu a kan yi na kayan, wanda yafi hada da high zafin jiki juriya, gajiya juriya, sinadaran lalata juriya, sa juriya, da dai sauransu The m yi na polyurethane elastomers a cikin wadannan al'amurran sa shi daya daga cikin makawa kayan a cikin sararin samaniya filin. Dauki hatimi a matsayin misali. A cikin tsarin man fetur na motocin sararin samaniya, hatimi suna buƙatar kula da hatimin tasiri a ƙarƙashin matsanancin zafin jiki da yanayin matsa lamba. Tsarin man fetur na motocin sararin samaniya sau da yawa yana fuskantar matsanancin zafin jiki, matsanancin matsin lamba da watsa labarai masu lalata. Don haka, hatimi ba dole ba ne kawai ya zama mai juriya ga yanayin zafi ba, har ma da lalata sinadarai. Polyurethane elastomers, musamman maɗaukakiyar polyurethanes waɗanda aka warkar da su a yanayin zafi mai zafi, suna da kyakkyawan juriya na zafin jiki kuma suna iya jure yanayin aiki sama da 300 ° C. A lokaci guda kuma, kyakkyawan elasticity na polyurethane elastomers yana ba su damar cika abubuwan da ba su dace ba da kyau da kuma tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali da amincin hatimi a cikin amfani na dogon lokaci. Misali, hatimin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin jiragen sama na NASA da tashoshin sararin samaniya suna amfani da elastomer na polyurethane, wanda ke nuna kyakkyawan aikin rufewa da dorewa a cikin matsanancin yanayi. Wani kuma shine masu shayarwa. A cikin sararin samaniya, ana amfani da masu ɗaukar girgiza don rage tasirin girgizar tsari da girgiza akan mahimman abubuwan. Polyurethane elastomers suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a irin waɗannan aikace-aikacen. Kyakkyawan elasticity ɗin su da kyakkyawan ikon ɗaukar makamashi yana ba su damar haɓaka yadda ya kamata da rage rawar jiki da girgiza, ta haka ne ke kare tsari da kayan lantarki na sararin samaniya.

 

 Manyan masana'antar kera motoci

A cikin manyan masana'antar kera motoci, aikace-aikacen elastomer na polyurethane ya zama babban mahimmanci don haɓaka aikin abin hawa da kwanciyar hankali. Saboda da kyau kwarai m yi, polyurethane elastomers ne yadu amfani a mahara key aka gyara na motoci, ciki har da girgiza sha tsarin, like, ciki sassa, da dai sauransu Shan da girgiza absorbers a cikin tsarin dakatar da high-karshen motoci a matsayin misali, aikace-aikace na polyurethane elastomers ya muhimmanci inganta tuki ta'aziyya da kuma kula da kwanciyar hankali na abin hawa. A cikin tsarin dakatarwa, polyurethane elastomers da tasiri mai tasiri da rawar jiki a kan hanya kuma suna rage girgiza jikin abin hawa ta hanyar haɓakar haɓakar su da haɓakar girgiza. Kyakkyawan elasticity na wannan abu yana tabbatar da cewa tsarin dakatar da abin hawa zai iya amsawa da sauri a ƙarƙashin yanayin tuki daban-daban kuma ya ba da kwarewa mai sauƙi da jin dadi. Musamman ma a cikin manyan samfuran alatu, masu ɗaukar hoto masu ƙarfi masu ƙarfi ta yin amfani da elastomer na polyurethane na iya haɓaka ta'aziyyar tafiya da kuma biyan buƙatun don ƙwarewar tuƙi mai inganci. A cikin manyan motoci masu tsayi, aikin hatimi kai tsaye yana rinjayar sautin sauti, zafin zafi da aikin hana ruwa na abin hawa. Ana amfani da elastomer na polyurethane sosai a cikin hatimi don ƙofofin mota da tagogi, ɗakunan injin da ke ƙasa saboda kyakkyawan hatimin su da juriya na yanayi. Masu kera motoci masu tsayi suna amfani da elastomers na polyurethane a matsayin hatimin ƙofa don inganta sautin sautin abin hawa da rage kutsawar hayaniya ta waje.