Ci gaba ci gaba akan rashin daidaituwa
Since their introduction in 1937, polyurethane (PU) materials have found extensive applications across various sectors including transportation, construction, petrochemicals, textiles, mechanical and electrical engineering, aerospace, healthcare, and agriculture. Ana amfani da waɗannan abubuwan a cikin siffofin kamar farfadowa, FIBERS, ELASSORs, wakilai na ruwa, sutura, fata, suturun fata da kayan aiki. A al'adun gargajiya da farko seriedmesized daga biyu ko fiye tare da polyols macromeemular da ƙananan sarkar sarkar sarkar. Koyaya, muhimmi masu guba na isocyanates yana haifar da mahimman haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli; Haka kuma ana yawan samo su ne daga phosgene-wani mai guba mai guba mai guba-da dacewa amine kayan.
A haske game da bin masana'antar ingantattun masana'antu da dorewa, masu bincike suna kara maida hankali ne kan musayar hanyoyin da ba shi da izini (NIPU). Wannan takarda tana gabatar da hanyoyin shirye-shirye na Nipu yayin da nazarin cigaba a cikin nau'ikan NIPUS da tattauna masu yiwuwa na gaba don samar da bincike don ƙarin bincike.
1 kira na rashin isarwa polyurethanes
A farkon sigain ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta mai nauyi carbamate carbamate amfani da monochatic carbonate hadin kai tare da aliphatic synastatesis. A halin yanzu akwai hanyoyi guda biyu na manyan abubuwa guda biyu don samar da Nipu: na farko ya shafi ƙari na tashin hankali na cyconates da Binary Amines; Halin na biyu da ke cikin polyknensation da suka shafi diolethane ya tsinci tare da Diols wanda ke sauƙaƙe musayar tsarin musayar halitta tsakanin carbamates. Za'a iya samun DiamarBoxylylylate ta hanyar kofin Carbonate ko Climyl Carbonate (DMC); Asali duk hanyoyin da aka amsa ta hanyar gungun carbonic acid su samar da ayyukan carbamate.
Wadannan bangarorin da ke gaba suna fadada kusancin daban-daban na daban don daidaita Pollyurehane ba tare da amfani da isasanate ba.
1.1bnary carbonate hanya
Nipu za a iya samar da shi ta hanyar tarawa game da batun binary cyconate cyconate hade tare da binary cybonate da aka nuna a cikin hoto 1.
Saboda ƙungiyoyi masu ɗorawa da yawa a cikin maimaita raka'a a tare da babban sarkar tsarin wannan hanyar ta samar da abin da ake amfani da ita polyurthyl polyurethane (PHU). Esitsch eth eth al., An inganta jerin polyither suna amfani da polycures na cycules tare da ƙananan hanyoyin binary da aka samo don shirya polyether pus. Groungiyoyinsu sun nuna cewa ƙungiyoyin Hydroxyl a cikin Fayil na Phus da sauƙin kafa haɗin hydrogen da nitrogen / oxygen atoms da ke cikin laushi / wuya. Bambance tsakanin sassan da keushi kuma suna amfani da halayen haɗin hydrogen har da digiri na microphase wanda aka raba wa halaye na microphase wanda baya shafi halaye na aiki.
Yawanci gudanar a kasa da zafi wuce 100 ° C wannan hanyar tana haifar da karfin kayan aiki wanda ke nuna rashin ƙarfi a yayin da yake buƙatar sauƙaƙe na dempyllamide (DMF), da sauransu .. cakuda ƙari sau Rage ko'ina tsakanin wata rana har zuwa kwanaki biyar na samar da ƙananan matakan da ke da yawa a kusa da karuwar karuwar karfafa karfafa karantarwa da sauransu ..
1.2monocyic carbonate hanya
Moncylic Carbonate yana ba da amsa kai tsaye tare da Diamine sakamakon DIPASHYLICTIONALI NA FARKO DAGA CIKIN HUKUNCIN HUKUNCIN HUKUNCIN SAUKI 2.
Monocylic yawanci yana haɗa bambance bambancen Moncylene & Propylene & Propylene na Sassara-Jami'ar Cinikin Beijamate ya ce a kan Polyterttungiyoyin Cypeanis da Amfani da Polynastrool / Polyether-DIols Culminated nasarar samfuran samfuri na samfuri na ma'ana yana nuna abubuwan narkewar thermal / injin na injiniya suna kaiwa zuwa sama kusan kewayon kusa da kewayon kusa da kewayawa kusa da24Ma ° kusa da kashi1476%. Wang S et ENCMPAST13K ~ 28k g / mpa mpa tenarations yana canzawa9 ~ 17 MPA Elongations Dians35% ~ 235%.
Cyclocarbonic esters engage effectively without requiring catalysts under typical conditions maintaining temperature spans roughly80°to120°C subsequent transesterifications usually employ organotin-based catalytic systems ensuring optimal processing not surpassing200°. Bayan kokarin gyara na kwantar da hankali kan ayyukan motsa jiki / Diglycocalysis phenomerization da ake so a ciki wanda aka yi amfani da shi a zahiri.
1.3DimeThyl carbonate hanya
DMC tana wakiltar sautin sauti / mara guba mai nuna yawan ayyukan methyl da ke tattare da tsararraki waɗanda ke ba da damar haɗuwa da ƙarin ƙananan-sarkar-sarkar-diolics / mafi girma-Polyol Computents suna haifar da fitowar abubuwa da yawa da ake nema-bayan Hukumar Polymer ta gani sosai ta hanyar Figurea.
Demta et.alid Helital Capitzed Servergened Cave Sodium Securesting Serving Sertiments Kusar da Kashi Na Kasa (-30 Canjin Yanayin Yanayin Zamani Na Tsara Tsararru (--30 Constation Canjin yanayin zafi PAN dongdong zaba zabi dabarun da ya kunshi dmc hexamethylenne-polyalcohols da ya bayyana abin lura yakan bayyana a kusa da1000% -1400%. Binciken bincike da ke tattare da abubuwan da aka gabatar cikin sahihan kayan abinci a duk faɗin tsarin ingancin lu'ulu'u da aka yi wa helsin-parity Binciken Post AT230 ℃ .adarin bincike da aka yi wa takaddara-polyureas levonaceous damar da ake tsammani na da ake tsammani yawanci yasan yawanci Mahalicci-zazzabi / matattara muhalli don warware matsalar don hakan ta ƙididdige ƙasan ƙasa galibi yana iyakance Palnphes Synhermes gaba daya metnol.
2 daban-daban sassa na rashin daidaituwa na rashin daidaituwa na polyurethane
2.1 polyter polyurethane
Polyter polyurethane (Peu) ana amfani dashi sosai saboda ƙarfin haɗin haɗin kai na ɗaukakawa mai sauƙi, juyawa mai sauƙi, kyakkyawan ƙarancin zafin jiki da hydrolyis juriya.
Kebir et al. Rashin Polyurhehane Polyurethane tare da DMC, polyethylene glycol da be'antetiol kamar yadda albarkatun kasa ya zama kasa (38 ~ 48 ℃), da kuma wasu alamomi suna da wuyar biyan bukatun amfani. Kungiyar Binciken Bincike ta Zhao Jingbo ta yi amfani da carbonate na ethylene, 1, 6-hexarediamine, 1pla, da karfin kwararar kudi na 0.9% ~ 1 388%. Weightar nauyin kwayar halitta na polomanic polyureshanes shine 17 300 ~ ~ ℃ 10 ℃, ℃ 100 ℃, ℃ 100 ℃, ℃ 10 ℃, ℃ 10 ℃, ℃ 10 ℃, ℃ 10 ℃, ℃ 10 ℃, ℃ 100 ℃, ℃ 100 ℃, ℃ 100 ℃, ℃ 10 ℃, ℃ 100 ℃, ℃ 10 ℃, da ℃ 100 ℃, ℃ 10% Elongation shine 69% ~ 89%.
Rukunin bincike na Zheng Liuchun da Li Chuncheghyleendiamine, 6-hexamethylencesioline da 1, 6-hexamethylendiames da 1, 6-hexamethylendiames da 1, 6-hexamethylencesiols (MN = 2 000). Jerin Polyurether Polyurethanes (Nipeu) tare da hanyar da ba ita ba ta shirya hanya ba, kuma matsalar ta tsaka-tsaki a tsaka-tsakin lokacin da aka warware. Tsarin da kaddarorin gargajiya na gargajiya (HDIPU) sun shirya ta Nipeu da 1, 6-Hexamethyanate Diisocyanate an kwatanta shi, kamar yadda aka nuna a Table 1.
| Samfuri | Sashin kashi na yanki /% | Nauyi na kwayoyin / (g·Mol ^ (- 1) | Alfa mai nauyi | Tenge ƙarfi / MPA | Elongation a karya /% |
| NIPESU30 | 30 | 74000 | 1.9 | 12.5 | 1250 |
| Nesipeu40 | 40 | 66000 | 2.2 | 8.0 | 550 |
| HDIPU30 | 30 | 46000 | 1.9 | 31.3 | 1440 |
| HDIPU40 | 40 | 54000 | 2.0 | 25.8 | 1360 |
Tebur 1
Sakamakon da ke cikin Table 1 ya nuna cewa bambance-bambancen tsari tsakanin Npesu da HDIPu galibi saboda wuya. Kungiyar UREA ta samar da kungiyar ta URIPEU da ta dace da NIpesu da ba a sanya su ba, sakamakon rauni yanki na sarkar kwayar halitta, wanda ya haifar da low crystall na rabuwa da now cupesu. A sakamakon haka, kaddarorin na kayan aikinta sun fi hedipu.
2.2 Polyurethane
Polyurethane polyurethane (Petu) tare da Polyester Diols kamar yadda taushi ta da sassauƙa yana da kyawawan halittu, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don shirya kayan kwalliya na nama, kuma ana iya amfani dashi don shirya kayan kwalliya na nama, kuma ana iya amfani dashi don shirya kayan kwalliya na nama, kuma ana iya amfani dashi don shirya kayan kwalliya na ƙwayar cuta, kuma ana iya amfani dashi don shirya kayan kwalliya na ƙwayar cuta, kuma ana iya amfani dashi don shirya kayan kwalliya na ƙwayar cuta, kuma ana iya amfani dashi don shirya kayan injiniyoyi tare da babban aikace-aikace. Polyester Diols sun saba amfani da sassan Polybutylene Aiwatar da Diol, Polyglycol ADIPate Diol da Polycaprolactone Diol da Diol
A da farko, Rokicic et al. Amintaccen carbonate carbonate tare da diamine da dioline daban-daban (1, 6-hexanetiol, 1, 6-hexanteniol, 1, 6-n-dudecanol) don samun nipu da nipu yana da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙananan tg. Farhadian et al. Shirye polycyclic Carbonate ta amfani da man sunflower a matsayin kayan masarufi, sa'an nan gauraye da kayan kwalliya, da kuma warke a karfe 90 ℃ na shekaru 90 don samun m fim ɗin polyurethane. Rukunin bincike na Zhang daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Kudu na Siyar da Tumones da Cyconates na Cyconates, sannan kuma ya amince da Dibasic Acid Polyurethane polyester polysethas. Kungiyar Binciken Bincike ta Zhu Jin a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Ningbo ta Bincike, Cibiyar Carbonate ta hanyar Carbonteth acid, wacce za a iya amfani da su a matsayin fenti bayan da ultriolet [23]. Rukunin bincike na Zheng Liuchun da Li Chunchhateng sun yi amfani da Adipic acid da Diols hudu da Atoman Atomic) tare da lambobin carbon na carbon na carbon a matsayin sassan carbon daban-daban. Groupungiyar da ba ita ba ta samo polyurethane polyurethane (PUTU), mai suna bayan adadin carbon atomon da BHC da Diols. Abubuwan da na inji na PEUT an nuna a cikin Table 2.
| Samfuri | Tenge ƙarfi / MPA | Modulus na roba/ MAPA | Elongation a karya /% |
| Petu4 | 6.9±1.0 | 36±8 | 673±35 |
| PETU6 | 10.1±1.0 | 55±4 | 568±32 |
| Petu8 | 9.0±0.8 | 47±4 | 551±25 |
| PEUT10 | 8.8±0.1 | 52±5 | 137±23 |
Tebur 2
Sakamakon ya nuna cewa kashi mai laushi na PENTU4 yana da mafi girman yawan carbonyL tare da sashe mai wuya, kuma mafi ƙasƙantar da yanayin rabuwa. The Crystallization na duka biyu mai taushi da wahala yana da iyaka, nuna ƙarancin narkewar mai narkewa, amma mafi girman elongation a hutu.
2.3 polycarbonate polyurethane
Polycarbonate Polyurehane (pcu), musamman pcu), yana da kyakkyawan tsarin hydrolyis, mai kyau na halittu da biology, kuma yana da kyakkyawan aiki a fagen biomeeciine. A halin yanzu, yawancin shirye-shiryen Nipu suna amfani da polyols polyeths a matsayin sassauƙa mai laushi, kuma akwai rahotannin bincike mai laushi akan polycarbonate polyurethane.
Polycarbate Polycarbonate Polyurthane da Tian Hengshui ya shirya da fasahar fasaha ta Afirka ta Kudu tana da nauyin kwayoyin fiye da 50 000 G / Mol. Tasirin yin dauki kan nauyin kwayar cutar polymer an yi nazarin shi, amma ba a ba da rahoton kaddarorin da ta kayan aikinta ba. Rukunin binciken Zheng Liuchun da kungiyar Li Chuncheng sun shirya PCU ta amfani da DMC, HexADiol da PROLYCBONSate Diols, da kuma Pri bisa ga kashi mai wuya na kashin baya maimaitawa. Ana nuna kaddarorin kayan aikin a Table 3.
| Samfuri | Tenge ƙarfi / MPA | Modulus na roba/ MAPA | Elongation a karya /% |
| Pcu18 | 17±1 | 36±8 | 665±24 |
| Pcu33 | 19±1 | 107±9 | 656±33 |
| Pcu46 | 21±1 | 150±16 | 407±23 |
| PCU57 | 22±2 | 210±17 | 262±27 |
| Pcu67 | 27±2 | 400±13 | 63±5 |
| Pcu82 | 29±1 | 518±34 | 26±5 |
Tebur 3
Sakamakon ya nuna cewa pcu yana da nauyin ƙwayoyin kwaya, har zuwa 6 × 104 ~ 9 × 104G Pouse har zuwa 27 ℃, da kuma ƙarfin ƙarfi har zuwa 29 MPa. Ana iya amfani da irin wannan pcu ko dai azaman mashin filastik ko azaman elastomer, wanda ke da kyakkyawan aikace-aikacen ƙirar ƙwayar cuta (kamar kayan aikin injiniyan mutum ko kayan shafawa).
2.4 Hybrid Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane
Polucyanate Polyurethane polyurthane (matasan nipan) gabatar da ayyukan epoxy zuwa cikin tsarin sadarwa na polyurethane, inganta ayyukan polyurthane ko bayar da ayyuka na polyurthane ko ba da ayyukan polyurthane daban-daban.
Feng Yuelan et al. An mayar da man fetur na tushen epo da CO2 don haɗa Entamonic Carbonate (CSbo), kuma ya ƙaddamar da Birwara a CSBE Sigirififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififified da amine. Sarkar kwayoyin ya ƙunshi ɓangaren sarkar m sarkar na oleic acid / linoleic acid. Hakanan yana dauke da ƙarin sarkar sarkar, saboda yana da babban ƙarfin injiniya da babban ƙarfi. Wasu masu binciken kuma sun haɗa nau'ikan 'yan lemu uku tare da gungunsa na ƙarshen fran don shirya ingantaccen aikin warkarwa na Diethylene. Fasashen Janar Nipu ba kawai yana da halaye na gaba ɗaya Nipu ba, har ma yana iya samun ingantacciyar adhesion, acid da alkamita da alkurrance da ƙarfi.
3 Outlook
Ana shirya nipu ba tare da amfani da isocyanate mai guba ba, kuma a halin yanzu yana cikin nazarin a cikin nau'in kumfa, shafi da sauran samfuran aikace-aikacen, kuma yana da yawancin samfuran aikace-aikace. Koyaya, yawancinsu har yanzu suna iyakance ga binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje, kuma babu babban sikelin-sikelin. Bugu da kari, tare da inganta ka'idojin rayuwar mutane da cigaba da cigaba na bukatar, nipu tare da aiki guda ko mahimman gyaran kai, flame din ya zama babban juriya da sauran zafi da sauransu. Saboda haka, bincike mai zuwa gaba ya kamata ya fahimci yadda za a fasa yadda za a fasa matakan mahimman masana'antu kuma ci gaba da bincika jagorancin NIPU.
Lokaci: Aug-29-2024